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<title>Bidirectional text</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bidirectional text</span></span>

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<p>A <b>bidirectional text</b> contains two <a href="Text_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Text direction">text directionalities</a>, <a href="Right-to-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left">right-to-left</a> (RTL) and <a href="Left-to-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-to-right">left-to-right</a> (LTR). It generally involves text containing different types of <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a>, but may also refer to <a href="Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>, which is changing text direction in each row.

</p><p>An example is the RTL Hebrew name Sarah: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שרה</span></span>, spelled sin (ש) on the right, resh (ר) in the middle, and heh (ה) on the left. Many computer programs failed to display this correctly, because they were designed to display text in one direction only.

</p><p>Some so-called <a href="Right-to-left_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left script">right-to-left scripts</a> such as the <a href="Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian script</a> and Arabic are mostly, but not exclusively, right-to-left—mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. That also happens if text from a left-to-right language such as English is embedded in them; or vice versa, if Arabic is embedded in a left-to-right script such as English.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bidirectional_script_support">Bidirectional script support</h2></div>

<p>

Bidirectional script support is the capability of a <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> system to correctly display bidirectional text. The term is often shortened to "<b>BiDi</b>" or "<b>bidi</b>".

</p><p>Early computer installations were designed only to support a single <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a>, typically for left-to-right scripts based on the <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a> only. Adding new <a href="Character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Character set">character sets</a> and <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character encodings</a> enabled a number of other left-to-right scripts to be supported, but did not easily support right-to-left scripts such as <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> or <a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>, and mixing the two was not practical. Right-to-left scripts were introduced through encodings like <a href="ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">ISO/IEC 8859-6</a> and <a href="ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">ISO/IEC 8859-8</a>, storing the letters (usually) in writing and reading order. It is possible to simply flip the left-to-right display order to a right-to-left display order, but doing this sacrifices the ability to correctly display left-to-right scripts. With bidirectional script support, it is possible to mix characters from different scripts on the same page, regardless of writing direction.

</p><p>In particular, the <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> standard provides foundations for complete BiDi support, with detailed rules as to how mixtures of left-to-right and right-to-left scripts are to be encoded and displayed.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode_bidi_support">Unicode bidi support</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Right-to-left_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a>, <a href="Left-to-right_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a>, and <a href="Arabic_letter_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic letter mark">Arabic letter mark</a></div>

<p>The Unicode standard calls for characters to be ordered 'logically', i.e. in the sequence they are intended to be interpreted, as opposed to 'visually', the sequence they appear. This distinction is relevant for bidi support because at any bidi transition, the visual presentation ceases to be the 'logical' one. Thus, in order to offer bidi support, Unicode prescribes an algorithm for how to convert the logical sequence of characters into the correct visual presentation. For this purpose, the Unicode encoding standard divides all its characters into one of four types: 'strong', 'weak', 'neutral', and 'explicit formatting'.<sup id="cite_ref-Bidi_UAX9_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bidi_UAX9-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strong_characters">Strong characters</h3></div>

<p>Strong characters are those with a definite direction. Examples of this type of character include most alphabetic characters, syllabic characters, Han ideographs, non-European or non-Arabic digits, and punctuation characters that are specific to only those scripts.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weak_characters">Weak characters</h3></div>

<p>Weak characters are those with vague direction. Examples of this type of character include European digits, Eastern Arabic-Indic digits, arithmetic symbols, and currency symbols.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_characters">Neutral characters</h3></div>

<p>Neutral characters have direction indeterminable without context. Examples include paragraph separators, tabs, and most other whitespace characters. Punctuation symbols that are common to many scripts, such as the colon, comma, full-stop, and the no-break-space also fall within this category.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explicit_formatting">Explicit formatting</h3></div>

<p>Explicit formatting characters, also referred to as "directional formatting characters", are special Unicode sequences that direct the algorithm to modify its default behavior. These characters are subdivided into "marks", "embeddings", "isolates", and "overrides". Their effects continue until the occurrence of either a paragraph separator, or a "pop" character.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marks">Marks</h4></div>

<p>If a "weak" character is followed by another "weak" character, the algorithm will look at the first neighbouring "strong" character. Sometimes this leads to unintentional display errors. These errors are corrected or prevented with "pseudo-strong" characters. Such <a href="Unicode_control_characters" title="Unicode control characters">Unicode control characters</a> are called <i>marks</i>. The mark (<span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">

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</style><span class="monospaced">U+200E</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK</span> (LRM) or <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+200F</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK</span> (RLM)) is to be inserted into a location to make an enclosed weak character inherit its writing direction.

</p><p>For example, to correctly display the <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+2122</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">™</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">TRADE MARK SIGN</span> for an English name brand (LTR) in an Arabic (RTL) passage, an LRM mark is inserted after the trademark symbol if the symbol is not followed by LTR text (e.g. "<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قرأ Wikipedia™‎ طوال اليوم.</span></span>"). If the LRM mark is not added, the weak character ™ will be neighbored by a strong LTR character and a strong RTL character. Hence, in an RTL context, it will be considered to be RTL, and displayed in an incorrect order (e.g. "<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قرأ Wikipedia™ طوال اليوم.</span></span>").

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embeddings">Embeddings</h4></div>

<p>The "embedding" directional formatting characters are the classical Unicode method of explicit formatting, and as of Unicode 6.3, are being discouraged in favor of "isolates". An "embedding" signals that a piece of text is to be treated as directionally distinct. The text within the scope of the embedding formatting characters is not independent of the surrounding text. Also, characters within an embedding can affect the ordering of characters outside. Unicode 6.3 recognized that directional embeddings usually have too strong an effect on their surroundings and are thus unnecessarily difficult to use.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isolates">Isolates</h4></div>

<p>The "isolate" directional formatting characters signal that a piece of text is to be treated as directionally isolated from its surroundings. As of Unicode 6.3, these are the formatting characters that are being encouraged in new documents – once target platforms are known to support them. These formatting characters were introduced after it became apparent that directional embeddings usually have too strong an effect on their surroundings and are thus unnecessarily difficult to use. Unlike the legacy 'embedding' directional formatting characters, 'isolate' characters have no effect on the ordering of the text outside their scope. Isolates can be nested, and may be placed within embeddings and overrides.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Overrides">Overrides</h4></div>

<p>The "override" directional formatting characters allow for special cases, such as for part numbers (e.g. to force a part number made of mixed English, digits and Hebrew letters to be written from right to left), and are recommended to be avoided wherever possible. As is true of the other directional formatting characters, "overrides" can be nested one inside another, and in embeddings and isolates.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Using_Unicode_to_override">Using Unicode to override</h5></div>

<p>Using <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+202D</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE</span> will switch the text direction from left-to-right to right-to-left. Similarly, using <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+202E</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE</span> will switch the text direction from right-to-left to left-to-right. Refer to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/">Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm</a>.

</p>

<p>The "pop" directional formatting character, encoded at <span class="nowrap"><span class="monospaced">U+202C</span> </span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING</span>, terminates the scope of the most recent "embedding", "override", or "isolate".

</p>

<p>In the algorithm, each sequence of concatenated strong characters is called a "run". A "weak" character that is located between two "strong" characters with the same orientation will inherit their orientation. A "weak" character that is located between two "strong" characters with a different writing direction will inherit the main context's writing direction (in an LTR document the character will become LTR, in an RTL document, it will become RTL).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Table_of_possible_BiDi_character_types">Table of possible BiDi character types</h3></div>

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</style> <span style="font-size:120%;">Bidirectional character type<small> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">(<span class="monospaced">Bidi_Class</span> Unicode <a href="Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">character property</a>)</span></small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">

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</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Bidi_UAX9"><a href="#endnote_Bidi_UAX9">[1]</a></sup></span></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-size:105%; text-align: left;">

<th>Description</th>

<th>Strength</th>

<th>Directionality</th>

<th>General scope</th>

<th>Bidi_Control character<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_Bidi_Control"><a href="#endnote_Bidi_Control">[3]</a></sup>

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Left-to-Right</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="01 !">Strong</span></td>

<td>Most alphabetic and syllabic characters, Chinese characters, non-European or non-Arabic digits, LRM character, ...</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8206 !">U+200E LEFT-TO-RIGHT MARK (LRM)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Right-to-Left</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="02 !">Strong</span></td>

<td>Adlam, Garay, Hebrew, Mandaic, Mende Kikakui, N'Ko, Samaritan, ancient scripts like Kharoshthi and Nabataean, RLM character, ...</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8207 !">U+200F RIGHT-TO-LEFT MARK (RLM)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Arabic Letter</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="03 !">Strong</span></td>

<td>Arabic, Hanifi Rohingya, Sogdian, Syriac, and Thaana alphabets, and most punctuation specific to those scripts, ALM character, ...</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="1564 !">U+061C ARABIC LETTER MARK (ALM)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>European Number</td>

<td>European digits, Eastern Arabic-Indic digits, Coptic epact numbers, ...</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>European Separator</td>

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.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}

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</style><span class="smallcaps">plus sign</span>, <span class="smallcaps">minus sign</span>, ...</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>European Number Terminator</td>

<td><span class="smallcaps">degree sign</span>, currency symbols, ...</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Arabic Number</td>

<td>Arabic-Indic digits, Arabic decimal and thousands separators, Rumi digits, Hanifi Rohingya digits, ...</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Common Number Separator</td>

<td><span class="smallcaps">colon</span>, <span class="smallcaps">comma</span>, <span class="smallcaps">full stop</span>, <span class="smallcaps">no-break space</span>, ...</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Nonspacing Mark</td>

<td>Characters in General Categories Mark, nonspacing, and Mark, enclosing (Mn, Me)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Boundary Neutral</td>

<td>Default ignorables, non-characters, control characters other than those explicitly given other types</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Paragraph Separator</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="11 !">Neutral</span></td>

<td><span class="smallcaps">paragraph separator</span>, appropriate Newline Functions, higher-level protocol paragraph determination</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Segment Separator</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="12 !">Neutral</span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Whitespace</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="13 !">Neutral</span></td>

<td><span class="smallcaps">space</span>, <span class="smallcaps">figure space</span>, <span class="smallcaps">line separator</span>, <span class="smallcaps">form feed</span>, General Punctuation block spaces (smaller set than the <a href="Unicode_character_property#Whitespace" title="Unicode character property">Unicode whitespace</a> list)</td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Other Neutrals</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="14 !">Neutral</span></td>

<td>All other characters, including <span class="smallcaps">object replacement character</span></td>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Left-to-Right Embedding</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="15 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>LRE character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8234 !">U+202A LEFT-TO-RIGHT EMBEDDING (LRE)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Left-to-Right Override</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="16 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>LRO character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8237 !">U+202D LEFT-TO-RIGHT OVERRIDE (LRO)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Right-to-Left Embedding</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="17 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>RLE character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8235 !">U+202B RIGHT-TO-LEFT EMBEDDING (RLE)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Right-to-Left Override</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="18 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>RLO character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8238 !">U+202E RIGHT-TO-LEFT OVERRIDE (RLO)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pop Directional Format</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="19 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>PDF character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8236 !">U+202C POP DIRECTIONAL FORMATTING (PDF)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Left-to-Right Isolate</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="20 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>LRI character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8294 !">U+2066 LEFT-TO-RIGHT ISOLATE (LRI)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Right-to-Left Isolate</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="21 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>RLI character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8295 !">U+2067 RIGHT-TO-LEFT ISOLATE (RLI)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>First Strong Isolate</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="22 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>FSI character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8296 !">U+2068 FIRST STRONG ISOLATE (FSI)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pop Directional Isolate</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="23 !">Explicit</span></td>

<td>PDI character only</td>

<td><span data-sort-value="8297 !">U+2069 POP DIRECTIONAL ISOLATE (PDI)</span>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<th colspan="6" style="text-align:left;font-weight:normal"><b>Notes</b>

<dl><dd>1.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Bidi_UAX9"><b><a href="#ref_Bidi_UAX9">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9">Unicode Bidirectional Algorithm (UAX#9)</a>, As of Unicode version 16.0</dd>

<dd>2.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Bidi_Class"><b><a href="#ref_Bidi_Class">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Bidirectional_Character_Types">Possible Bidirectional character types</a> for character property: Bidi_Class or 'type'</dd>

<dd>3.<span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Bidi_Control"><b><a href="#ref_Bidi_Control">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Directional_Formatting_Codes">Bidi_Control characters</a>: Twelve Bidi_Control formatting characters are defined. They are invisible, and have no effect apart from directionality. Nine of them have a unique, overruling BiDi-type that is used by the algorithm. Their type is also their acronym (e.g. character 'LRE' has BiDi type 'LRE').</dd></dl>

</th></tr></tbody></table>

</div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3></div>

<p>Unicode bidirectional characters are used in the <a href="Trojan_Source" title="Trojan Source">Trojan Source</a> vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a> highlights BiDi control characters since version 1.62 released in October 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a> highlights BiDi control characters since version 17.0.3 released on December 14, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripts_using_bidirectional_text">Scripts using bidirectional text</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</h3></div>

<p><a href="Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> <a href="Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">hieroglyphs</a> were written bidirectionally, where the signs that had a distinct "head" or "tail" faced the beginning of the line.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_characters_and_other_CJK_scripts">Chinese characters and other CJK scripts</h3></div>

<p><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> can be written in either direction as well as vertically (top to bottom then right to left), especially in signs (such as plaques), but the orientation of the individual characters does not change. This can often be seen on tour buses in China, where the company name customarily runs from the front of the vehicle to its rear — that is, from right to left on the right side of the bus, and from left to right on the left side of the bus. English texts on the right side of the vehicle are also quite commonly written in reverse order. (See pictures of tour bus and post vehicle below.)

</p><p>Likewise, other <a href="CJK_characters" title="CJK characters">CJK</a> scripts made up of the same square characters, such as the <a href="Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a> and <a href="Korean_writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean writing system">Korean writing system</a>, can also be written in any direction, although horizontally left-to-right, top-to-bottom and vertically top-to-bottom right-to-left are the two most common forms.

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">The right side (text runs from right to left, including the English text)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The left side (text runs from left to right)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"> On the right side of this <a href="Hainan_Airlines" title="Hainan Airlines">Hainan Airlines</a> aircraft, the text runs from right to left (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">空航南海</span></span>).</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">The left side of this Hainan Airlines aircraft, however, shows the text running from left to right (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">海南航空</span></span>).</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">A photo that shows text on both sides of a China Post vehicle. On the right door, <span class="smallcaps">china post</span> appears as <span class="smallcaps">tsop anihc</span>.</div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boustrophedon">Boustrophedon</h3></div>

<p><a href="Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">Boustrophedon</a> is a writing style found in ancient <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> inscriptions, in <a href="Sabaic" title="Sabaic">Old Sabaic</a> (an <a href="Old_South_Arabian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old South Arabian">Old South Arabian</a> language) and in <a href="Hungarian_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian runes">Hungarian runes</a>. This method of writing alternates direction, and usually reverses the individual characters, on each successive line.

</p>

<p><a href="Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a> is an embossed adaptation of the Latin alphabet invented as a <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabet</a> for the blind.

Initially the text changed direction (but not character orientation) at the end of the lines.

Special embossed lines connected the end of a line and the beginning of the next.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramseyer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramseyer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

Around 1990, it changed to a <a href="Left-to-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-to-right">left-to-right</a> orientation.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">Internationalization and localization</a></li>

<li><a href="Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_system#Directionality_and_orientation" title="Writing system">Writing system § Directionality and orientation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_numerals" title="Cyrillic numerals">Cyrillic numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Right-to-left_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Transformation_of_text" title="Transformation of text">Transformation of text</a></li>

<li><a href="Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">Boustrophedon</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/#Resolving_Weak_Types">"UAX #9: Unicode Bi-directional Algorithm"</a>. Unicode.org. 2018-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-26</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trojansource.codes/">"Trojan Source Attacks"</a>. <i>trojansource.codes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.visualstudio.com/updates/v1_62#_unicode-directional-formatting-characters">"Visual Studio Code October 2021"</a>. <i>code.visualstudio.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/visualstudio/releases/2022/release-notes#1703--visual-studio-2022-version-1703">"Visual Studio 2022 version 17.0 Release Notes"</a>. <i>docs.microsoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Ramseyer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramseyer_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.d.umn.edu/lib/bible/displays/rare/moon.htm">Moon Type for the Blind</a></i>, Ramseyer Bible Collection, Kathryn A. Martin Library, <a href="University_of_Minnesota_Duluth" title="University of Minnesota Duluth">University of Minnesota Duluth</a>.</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/">Unicode Standards Annex #9</a> The Bidirectional Algorithm</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/i18n-html-tech-bidi/">W3C guidelines on authoring techniques for bi-directional text</a> - includes examples and good explanations</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icu-project.org/">ICU</a> <a href="International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a> contains an implementation of the bi-directional algorithm — along with other internationalization services</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Unicode116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Unicode116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unicode</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode#Versions" title="Unicode">Versions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unicode_block" title="Unicode block">Block</a>

<li><a href="Universal_Character_Set_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Universal Character Set</a></li>

<li>Character charts</li>

<li><a href="Unicode_character_property" title="Unicode character property">Character property</a></li>

<li><a href="Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_Use_Areas" title="Private Use Areas">Private Use Area</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Universal_Character_Set_characters#Special-purpose_characters" title="Universal Character Set characters">Special purpose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Combining_grapheme_joiner" title="Combining grapheme joiner">Combining grapheme joiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Left-to-right_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-to-right mark">Left-to-right mark</a> / <a href="Right-to-left_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-to-left mark">Right-to-left mark</a></li>

<li><a href="Soft_hyphen" title="Soft hyphen">Soft hyphen</a></li>

<li><a href="Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variant form</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_joiner" title="Word joiner">Word joiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-width_joiner" title="Zero-width joiner">Zero-width joiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-width_non-joiner" title="Zero-width non-joiner">Zero-width non-joiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Zero-width_space" title="Zero-width space">Zero-width space</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_Unicode_characters" title="List of Unicode characters">Characters</a></li>

<li><a href="CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs</a></li>

<li><a href="Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li>

<li><a href="Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_symbol" title="Unicode symbol">Symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Halfwidth and fullwidth</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_alias_names_and_abbreviations" title="Unicode alias names and abbreviations">Alias names and abbreviations</a></li>

<li><a href="Whitespace_character#Unicode" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace characters</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em">Algorithms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Unicode_collation_algorithm" title="Unicode collation algorithm">Collation</a>

<li><a href="Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li>

<li><a href="Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="Comparison_of_Unicode_encodings" title="Comparison of Unicode encodings">Comparison of encodings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Punycode" title="Punycode">Punycode</a></li>

<li><a href="UTF-EBCDIC" title="UTF-EBCDIC">UTF-EBCDIC</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On pairs of<br>code points</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining character</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_compatibility_characters" title="Unicode compatibility characters">Compatibility characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Duplicate_characters_in_Unicode" title="Duplicate characters in Unicode">Duplicate characters</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_equivalence" title="Unicode equivalence">Equivalence</a></li>

<li><a href="Homoglyph" title="Homoglyph">Homoglyph</a></li>

<li><a href="Precomposed_character" title="Precomposed character">Precomposed character</a>

<li><a href="Z-variant" title="Z-variant">Z-variant</a></li>

<li><a href="Variant_form_(Unicode)" title="Variant form (Unicode)">Variation sequences</a></li>

<li><a href="Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">Regional indicator symbol</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji#Skin_color" title="Emoji">Emoji skin color</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Usage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Internationalized_domain_name" title="Internationalized domain name">Domain names (IDN)</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_and_email" title="Unicode and email">Email</a></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_font" title="Unicode font">Fonts</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references" title="List of XML and HTML character entity references">entity references</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric references</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Unicode_input" title="Unicode input">Input</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Ideographs_Core" title="International Ideographs Core">International Ideographs Core</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Common_Locale_Data_Repository" title="Common Locale Data Repository">Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Unicode_anomaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode anomaly">Anomalies</a></li>

<li><a href="ConScript_Unicode_Registry" title="ConScript Unicode Registry">ConScript Unicode Registry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideographic_Research_Group" title="Ideographic Research Group">Ideographic Research Group</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Components_for_Unicode" title="International Components for Unicode">International Components for Unicode</a></li>

<li>People involved with Unicode</li>

<li><a href="Han_unification" title="Han unification">Han unification</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Scripts_and_symbols_in_Unicode476" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts</a> and symbols in Unicode</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Script_(Unicode)#Common_and_inherited_scripts" title="Script (Unicode)">Common and <br>inherited scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Combining_character" title="Combining character">Combining marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li>

<li><a href="Punctuation#Punctuation_marks_in_Unicode" title="Punctuation">Punctuation marks</a></li>

<li><a href="Space_(punctuation)#Spaces_in_Unicode" title="Space (punctuation)">Spaces</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerals_in_Unicode" title="Numerals in Unicode">Numbers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>

<li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="CJK_Unified_Ideographs" title="CJK Unified Ideographs">CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script_in_Unicode" title="Cyrillic script in Unicode">Cyrillic</a></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay</a></li>

<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_script_in_Unicode" title="Greek script in Unicode">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurung_Khema" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurung Khema">Gurung Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi Rohingya</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunuoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirat_Rai" title="Kirat Rai">Kirat Rai</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Lisu (Fraser)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondi_writing#Munshi_Mangal_Singh_Masaram_Script" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Mende Kikakui</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao (Pollard)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Nag_Mundari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nag Mundari">Nag Mundari</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong" title="Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong">Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmanya_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya alphabet">Osmanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit (Newa)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangsa_language" title="Tangsa language">Tangsa</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Wancho_script" title="Wancho script">Wancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient and<br>historic scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_alphabet" title="Bassa Vah alphabet">Bassa Vah</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brāhmī</a></li>

<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_script" title="Coptic script">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogra</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li>

<li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Imperial Aramaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts#Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Inscriptional Pahlavi</a></li>

<li><a href="Parthian_language#Written_Parthian" title="Parthian language">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudawadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> (Chorasmian)</li>

<li><a href="Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>

<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Makassarese_language#Writing_systems" title="Makassarese language">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meetei Mayek</a></li>

<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Old Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyrene_alphabet" title="Palmyrene alphabet">Palmyrene</a></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts#Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Pahlavi scripts">Psalter Pahlavi</a></li>

<li><a href="Rune" class="mw-redirect" title="Rune">Runic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddham</a></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Tagalog (Baybayin)</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li>

<li><a href="Todhri_alphabet" title="Todhri alphabet">Todhri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tulu Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithkuqi_alphabet" title="Vithkuqi alphabet">Vithkuqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Yezidi_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yezidi (script)">Yezidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar Square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notational scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols, emojis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Religious_and_political_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Religious and political symbols in Unicode">Cultural, political, and religious symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_Pictures" title="Control Pictures">Control Pictures</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_operators_and_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode">Mathematical operators and symbols</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_mathematical_symbols" title="Glossary of mathematical symbols">Glossary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols (including IPA)</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Unicode</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category: Unicode blocks</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Bidirectional_text&oldid=1297936433">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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